DATA CORNER (2022)

As for the concept itself, probability and chance have always been in the minds of human beings. 
For example: Sumerians and Assyrians used a bone extracted from the heel of animals such as sheep, deer or horses, called astragalus or talus, which they carved so that they could fall into four different positions, which is why they are considered the forerunners of dice. In the case of the Egyptian civilization, some paintings found in the tombs of the pharaohs show both talus and boards for recording the results. On the other hand, dice games were practiced uninterruptedly from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, although the rules with which they played are hardly known. One of these games, called "hazard", a word that in English and French means risk or danger, was introduced in Europe with the Third Crusade. The etymological roots of the term come from the Arabic word "al-azar", which means "given". Later, in Dante's "Purgatory" the term already appears as "chance". Nowadays, roulette wheels, slot machines, lotteries, pools,..., indicate that man's fascination with gambling continues. (see in https://www.estadisticaparatodos.es/historia/histo_proba.html)

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In 2009, the second centenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of the "Origin of Species" were celebrated. Darwin was one of the most important thinkers of all time and is considered, along with Newton, the most significant British scientist. Darwin had a great influence on many other areas of knowledge such as the development of correlation and regression, initially proposed by Francis Galton, his cousin, founder of modern statistics and who developed these techniques to justify Darwin's theories.This article is a small tribute to Darwin who indirectly contributed to the advancement of statistics as we currently understand it (See Importancia de Darwin en el desarrollo de la estadística moderna. Toni Monleón Getino. Estadística española, ISSN 0014-1151, Vol. 52, Nº 175, 2010, p. 371-392).

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The word Statistics comes from the word "State", since it was the main function of the Governments of the States to establish records of population, births, deaths, taxes, harvests... The need to have encrypted data on the population and its material conditions of existence they have had to make themselves felt since organized human societies were established. It is difficult to know the origins of Statistics. Simple forms of statistics have existed since the beginning of civilization, since graphic representations and other symbols were already used on skins, rocks, wooden sticks, and cave walls to count the number of people, animals, or certain things. Its origin possibly begins on the island of Sardinia, where there are prehistoric monuments belonging to the Nuragas, the first inhabitants of the island; These monuments consist of superimposed basalt blocks without mortar and on whose walls were crudely engraved signs that have been very likely interpreted as notches that were used to keep track of cattle and game.
But there is a connection between, for example, astronomy, so important for navigation, and statistics. The famous astronomer Edmund Halley (1656-1742) presented the first mortality table that can be considered as the basis of contemporary studies. In this work, an attempt is made to establish the price of the annuities to satisfy the insurance companies. In other words, he was building the basis of the two disciplines that we currently call statistics and probability (see at https://www.estadisticaparatodos.es/historia/histo_esta.html)

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Freemasonry or Freemasonry is an institution of an initiatory, philanthropic, symbolic, philosophical, selective, international, humanistic nature and with a federal structure, founded on a feeling of fraternity. Appearing in Europe between the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, modern or "speculative" Freemasonry has often been described as "a peculiar system of morality, veiled by allegories and taught by symbols." It presents itself as a training tool, with a particular method that, based on the symbolism of construction, allows its members to develop their ability to listen, reflect and dialogue, to transmit these values to their environment (see wikipedia).

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Statistics consists of methods, procedures and formulas that come from the theory of probability and that allow information to be collected in order to later analyze it and draw relevant conclusions from it. It can currently be said that it is Data Science and that its main objective is to improve the understanding of the facts from the available information.

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Bayes' theorem starts from a situation in which it is possible to know the probabilities that a series of events Ai occur. To this is added an event B whose occurrence provides certain information, because the probabilities of occurrence of B are different depending on the event Ai that has occurred. Knowing that event B has occurred, Bayes's theorem formula tells us how this information modifies the probabilities of events Ai.
Example: If we select a person at random, the probability that he is diabetic is 0.03. Obviously the probability that it is not is 0.97. If we do not have additional information, we can say nothing more, but suppose that when performing a blood test, glucose levels are higher than 1,000 mg/l, which occurs in 95% of diabetics and only in 2% of women. healthy people. What is now the probability that this person is diabetic? 
See interactive Bayes calculator at: https://www.ugr.es/~jsalinas/bayes.htm.

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Hypothesis tests always specify a possibility, called the null hypothesis, denoted by H0, which is the one that the researcher is willing to believe a priori. You must also specify an alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1, the one that you will accept if you reject the null hypothesis. The idea prior to the statistical testing of hypotheses is that there are reasons to believe that the null hypothesis may be true: it is the event that seems most possible a priori that must define the null hypothesis. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis must be defined by those events, incompatible with those that define the null hypothesis, that have positive probability. An event of null probability must not be included in either the null hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis. (see https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/518-2013-11-13-tests.pdf).

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Researchers are increasingly turning to artificial intelligence in biology to address complex problems. However, as an emerging concept and tool, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in your biology research can be challenging to grasp. AI is a subset of computer science that enables machines to carry out tasks traditionally done by humans. It is an over-arching term that includes two subsets: machine learning and deep learning (see https://bitesizebio.com/64186/artificial-intelligence-in-biology/)

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